Mô hình kinh doanh của Uber, Lyft và hàng loạt công ty sử dụng “lao động tạm bợ” có thể trượt tới bờ vực của sự sụp đổ sau phán quyết của tòa án bang California (Mỹ).
Tuần trước, Thẩm phán Ethan Schulman thuộc Tòa án Cấp cao California ra phán quyết buộc Uber và Lyft phải công nhận các tài xế của hai ứng dụng gọi xe là “nhân viên chính thức” thay cho “đối tác độc lập”. Điều đó đồng nghĩa với việc Uber và Lyft phải đảm bảo các phúc lợi như bảo hiểm y tế và xã hội, lương ngoài giờ, nghỉ bệnh có lương… cho tài xế.
Quy định này sẽ được thực thi từ ngày 20/8. Lập tức, Uber và Lyft nộp đơn kháng cáo, xin hoãn thực hiện quy định này. Tuy nhiên, Tòa án Cấp cao California bác bỏ đề nghị này. Trước đó, Uber và Lyft đe dọa sẽ ngừng mọi hoạt động tại California nếu quy định trên được áp dụng.
The Hill dẫn lời tài xế Erica Mighetto tại San Francisco chỉ trích lời đe dọa của Uber và Lyft là “tàn nhẫn nhưng không đáng ngạc nhiên”. “Dịch Covid-19 đẩy phần lớn tài xế vào cảnh khó khăn, và giờ Uber và Lyft sẵn sàng bỏ rơi họ”, anh Mighetto bức xúc.
Uber và Lyft có thể sẽ ngừng hoạt động tại California trong tuần này. Ảnh: Reuters. |
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Theo CNN, Uber, Lyft và ứng dụng giao đồ ăn DoorDash quyết định chi khoảng 90 triệu USD để mở chiến dịch chống lại phán quyết của Tòa án Cấp cao California. Ba hãng này vận động mở cuộc trưng cầu dân ý vào tháng 11 tới về quy định công nhận tài xế là nhân viên chính thức.
Uber và Lyft lập luận rằng phần lớn tài xế muốn duy trì hình thức “đối tác độc lập” vì có thể linh hoạt giờ giấc làm việc. Phó giáo sư luật Veena Dubal thuộc Đại học California nhận định chắc chắn Uber và Lyft sẽ tiếp tục kháng cáo dựa trên lập luận “giờ giấc linh hoạt”. Tuy nhiên các công đoàn lao động và chính trị gia Mỹ bác bỏ quan điểm này.
Bởi với tư tác “đối tác độc lập”, tài xế Uber và Lyft không hề được hưởng những phúc lợi lao động cần phải có. Đồng thời, các nhà nghiên cứu cũng chỉ ra rằng Uber và Lyft sử dụng các thuật toán để buộc tài xế phải tuân thủ những quy định về đón, trả khách để được nhận đủ thu nhập.
Do đó, trên thực tế các tài xế buộc phải làm việc liên tục hàng ngày và bị giám sát nghiêm ngặt, không hề được hưởng chế độ làm việc linh hoạt như Uber và Lyft quảng cáo. “Các tài xế không thể tự kiểm soát công việc và số phận của họ”, luật sư Bryant Greening của hãng luật LegalRideshare nhấn mạnh.
Uber cũng quảng bá rằng tài xế của hãng ở những thành phố như Washington, D.C. và Denver có thể kiếm tới 55.000 USD/năm. CBS dẫn lời nhà kinh tế Larry Mishel thuộc Viện Chính sách Kinh tế cho rằng đây là con số bị thổi phồng vô lý vì không tính đến những chi phí tài xế phải chịu như tiền xăng, tiền bảo dưỡng xe.
Một tài xế Mỹ dán tờ giấy in dòng chữ “Uber/Lyft sở hữu tôi” trên cửa kính. Ảnh: Getty Images. |
Ông nói phần lớn tài xế Uber làm việc toàn thời gian chỉ kiếm chưa đầy 20.000 USD/năm. Các khảo sát của Đại học California Berkeley và Trung tâm Các vấn đề New York cũng cho thấy thu nhập trung bình của tài xế Uber chỉ vào khoảng 9,73 USD/giờ, tương đương 20.000 USD/năm.
Trước đó, Uber và Lyft từng đe dọa ngừng hoạt động hoặc đã ngừng ở một số thành phố Mỹ, bao gồm Chicago, Houston và Austin. Dù vậy, giới quan sát nhận định Uber và Lyft ở vị thế yếu ớt trong cuộc chiến pháp lý tại California bởi tác động to lớn của đại dịch Covid-19 lên nền kinh tế Mỹ.
Doanh thu từ dịch vụ gọi xe của Uber trong quý II/2020 giảm 67% so với cùng kỳ năm ngoái. Tương tự, doanh thu của Lyft giảm 61%. Hơn nữa, Lyft không có dịch vụ giao đồ ăn như Uber (Uber Eats) để bù đắp cho những tổn thất ở mảng gọi xe.
Tương lai u ám của nền kinh tế tạm bợ
Ngừng hoạt động tại California đồng nghĩa với việc Uber và Lyft sẽ đánh mất một thị trường rộng lớn, có nền kinh tế lớn hơn nhiều quốc gia khác. Cả Uber và Lyft đều đặt trụ sở ở thành phố San Francisco. Như vậy, bang California là “sân nhà” của hai hãng.
Giới quan sát nhận định việc Uber và Lyft thua trận ngay trên “sân nhà” cũng sẽ tạo ra phản ứng dây chuyền ở nhiều bang khác. Massachusetts cũng ra luật tương tự. Chính quyền Pennsylvania và New York đưa ra các quy định về bảo hiểm thất nghiệp trái ngược với quan điểm của Uber và Lyft.
Năm ngoái, New Jersey xác định Uber nợ 649 triệu USD tiền bảo hiểm thấp nghiệp do xếp loại người lao động sai. “Làn sóng đang lan rộng sang các bang khác”, ông Rey Fuentes, luật sư của nhóm vận động The Partnership for Working Families chống lại Uber và Lyft, bình luận.
Hơn nữa, chuyên gia tư vấn giao thông Bruce Schaller, cựu quan chức giao thông thành phố New York, cho biết công chúng Mỹ giờ thông cảm với cuộc sống của giới tài xế Uber và Lyft hơn nhiều so với trước đây. Kinh tế Mỹ lao dốc vì dịch Covid-19 khiến cuộc sống của các tài xế trở nên vô cùng khó khăn, những câu chuyện của họ được phản ánh trên báo chí nhiều hơn.
Chuyên gia Terri Gerstein của Viện Chính sách Kinh tế cho rằng nếu không chịu thay đổi mô hình kinh doanh, Uber và Lyft hay DoorDash sẽ phải rút khỏi nhiều thị trường khác. “Họ chưa có kế hoạch kinh doanh dài hạn nào cả”, ông nhấn mạnh.
Một tòa án ở San Francisco yêu cầu ứng dụng giao đồ ăn DoorDash phải công nhận người giao hàng là nhân viên chính thức. Ảnh: DoorDash. |
Uber và Lyft là các đại diện điển hình của nền kinh tế “gig” (nghĩa là người lao động làm việc bán thời gian, tạm bợ trong khi các công ty chỉ muốn sử dụng lao động tự do thay vì lao động có hợp đồng). Và các chuyên gia khẳng định cuộc chiến pháp lý ở California sẽ ảnh hưởng lớn đến toàn bộ mô hình kinh tế tạm bợ.
Sau Uber, Lyft và DoorDash, sẽ có hàng loạt công ty “gig” khác trong các lĩnh vực như giao hàng, giao đồ ăn… sẽ phải đối mặt với quy định công nhận tài xế là nhân viên chính thức. Uber và Lyft đốt hàng tỷ USD tiền đầu tư để mở rộng thị trường trong vài năm qua, và đến nay vẫn chưa hề có lãi. Nếu phải tuân thủ quy định mới, có thể hoạt động của các công ty này sẽ đi vào ngõ cụt.
“Quyết định của Calfornia sẽ có ảnh hưởng toàn cầu”, chuyên gia Veena Dubal khẳng định. Còn với người lao động như anh Mighetto ở San Francisco, việc các tài xế được hưởng những quyền lợi chính đáng như bảo hiểm hay nghỉ bệnh là chuyện phải có. “Chúng tôi chỉ muốn có sự công bằng”, anh khẳng định.
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