2016, bầu Đức từng chuyển sang bán bò nhằm tạo thanh khoản, khắc phục khó khăn nhưng đàn bò càng kinh doanh lợi nhuận càng giảm. 2 năm gần đây, bầu Đức lại chuyển sang ngành mới là trồng cây ăn trái. Lần này kết quả sẽ khác?
Từ cuối năm 2014, tình hình kinh doanh của HAGL bắt đầu gặp nhiều khó khăn do vay nợ lớn, kéo theo đó là áp lực trả lãi vay ngày càng gia tăng. Thời điểm đó, bầu Đức đã tốn rất nhiều tiền để đầu tư vào cao su, với tầm nhìn dài hạn, cao su sẽ đem về lợi nhuận lớn. Tuy nhiên, tính toán của bầu Đức không được như ý, khi giá cao su từ đỉnh cao 280 cents/pound vào tháng 2/2011 giảm sâu xuống chỉ còn 55 cents/pound sau 5 năm.
Đứng trước áp lực thanh khoản lớn, bầu Đức đã tìm tới các giải pháp ngắn hạn, mà cụ thể là bán bò. Quý 2/2015, HAGL lần đầu tiên công bố doanh thu bán bò, đạt tới 766 tỷ đồng và sang quý 3/2015 tăng tiếp lên tới 1.379 tỷ đồng, chiếm tỷ trọng lớn nhất trong cơ cấu doanh thu của công ty. Đáng chú ý, biên lợi nhuận mảng bán bò của HAGL cũng ở mức rất cao, đạt 38% và 29% trong 2 quý nói trên.
Điều này khiến nhiều nhà đầu tư bắt đầu nghĩ về tương lai tươi sáng cho HAGL. Tuy nhiên, thực tế là bán bò không hề ổn định. Dù vẫn duy trì mức doanh thu xấp xỉ 1.000 tỷ đồng trong các quý của năm 2016, nhưng biên lợi nhuận từ đàn bò của bầu Đức cứ giảm dần và đến quý 4/2016 chỉ còn 5%, mức thấp kỷ lục.
Nguồn thu chủ lực không đạt hiệu quả, HAGL báo lỗ sau thuế 1.500 tỷ đồng trong năm 2016 và doanh thu từ bán bò cũng giảm sâu từ năm 2017.
Không thành công với đàn bò, trong khi cao su và cọ dầu tương lai vẫn mù mịt, bầu Đức quyết định chuyển hướng sang trồng cây ăn trái, vẫn với mục tiêu lấy ngắn nuôi dài, do trái cây đem về dòng tiền nhanh và đều đặn hơn.
Từ quý 2/2017, HAGL bắt đầu có doanh thu trái cây, đạt 652 tỷ đồng. Một lần nữa, mảng kinh doanh mới của bầu Đức lại đạt biên lợi nhuận rất cao, lên tới 60%. Tuy nhiên, không giống như mảng bán bò “sớm nở tối tàn”, trái cây của bầu Đức sau 2 năm ra thị trường đã chứng minh được hiệu quả với doanh thu hàng trăm tỷ đồng mỗi quý và biên lợi nhuận gộp ổn định trong khoảng 40-60%.
Theo tính toán, tổng doanh thu từ trái cây của HAGL 2 năm qua đạt khoảng 4.461 tỷ đồng và tổng lợi nhuận gộp từ trái cây là 2.514 tỷ đồng, tỷ suất sinh lời lên tới 56%.
Theo HAGL, nhờ có quỹ đất lớn, công ty có thể trồng cây ăn trái trên quy mô lớn, đem về năng suất cao, giúp HAGL bỏ qua nhiều khâu trung gian và bán trực tiếp cho các nhà phân phối lớn cũng như các chợ đầu mối ở Trung Quốc.
Giá bán cũng là yếu tố quan trọng giúp lợi nhuận trái cây cao, do HAGL bán với giá cao hơn so với giá của nông dân trong nước, nhờ khả năng cung cấp sản lượng lớn, ổn định, chất lượng đồng đều, nguồn gốc rõ ràng (đến từ cùng 1 nhà sản xuất thay vì thu gom từ nhiều nông dân).
Yếu tố địa lý cũng là thuận lợi của HAGL. Khoảng cách cũng như thời gian mang sản phẩm đến thị trường của công ty ngắn, cho phép vận chuyển hiệu quả hơn và bảo quản trái cây tốt hơn. Ngoài ra, bầu Đức còn tự tin vào đội ngũ chuyên gia nông nghiệp, hệ thống tưới nhỏ giọt, khí hậu phù hợp, kỹ thuật canh tác tốt sẽ giúp vườn cây của mình cho năng suất cao.
Mục tiêu trở thành tập đoàn nông nghiệp hàng đầu Đông Nam Á
Sau một thời gian mạnh dạn chuyển hướng sang trồng cây ăn trái với diện tích lên đến 12.000 ha, HAGL đã xuất khẩu sang các thị trường lớn như Trung Quốc, Nhật Bản, Hàn Quốc… đạt kim ngạch hàng trăm triệu USD mỗi năm. Mặc dù có tín hiệu khả quan nhưng HAGL vẫn gặp khó khăn về thanh khoản, giá cổ phiếu giảm sâu, đối diện với nguy cơ bị bán giải chấp để trả nợ cho các khoản vay đến hạn.
Tháng 8/2018, áp lực này đã được gỡ bỏ phần nào sau cái bắt tay giữa bầu Đức và ông Trần Bá Dương Chủ tịch Thaco. Theo đó, Thaco sẽ vừa tái cơ cấu khoản nợ khổng lồ của HAGL, vừa hợp tác để đưa công ty nông nghiệp của bầu Đức là HAGL Agrico trở thành tập đoàn nông nghiệp hàng đầu Việt Nam nói riêng và trong khu vực Đông Nam Á nói chung, dựa trên quỹ đất hơn 80.000ha của HAGL nằm tại khu tam giác phát triển bao gồm Tây Nguyên (Việt Nam), Nam (Lào) và Đông Bắc (Campuchia).
Chi tiết cơ cấu cây trồng, bên cạnh cây cao su, HAGL Agrico sẽ tiếp tục đầu tư phát triển cây ăn trái và cây dược liệu nhiệt đới có giá trị kinh tế cao. Giai đoạn 2019-2020, từ 12.000 ha cây ăn trái hiện nay sẽ tăng lên 30.000 ha với những cây chiến lược như chuối, thanh long, bưởi da xanh… Trong đó, chuối có diện tích 10.000 ha, thanh long 3.000 ha, xoài 4.500 ha, mít 4.000 ha, bưởi da xanh 3.000 ha, nhãn 1.000 ha, bơ 500 ha và các loại cây khác như cam, quýt, sầu riêng…
Về cây dược liệu, HAGL Agrico sẽ đầu tư trồng 5.000 ha cây dược liệu phục vụ chiết xuất và chế biến nguyên liệu cung ứng cho các công ty dược liệu, sản xuất các loại thực phẩm chức năng và thức uống.
Song song với đó, HAGL Agrico cũng sẽ đầu tư chế biến sâu sau thu hoạch để gia tăng giá trị sản phẩm và đa dạng hóa nguồn cung sản phẩm cho thị trường.
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