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Colombia là quốc gia không kỷ niệm hay quan tâm đến ngày lễ tình nhân Valentine, nhưng đây lại là một trong những ngày lễ chiếm tới 20% doanh thu hàng năm của ngành hoa nước này.

Sự thật thú vị về quốc gia không kỷ niệm, chỉ tập trung bán hoa phục vụ Valentine khắp thế giới, thu về hàng trăm triệu USD trong vài ngày

Vào ngày lễ Valentine năm 2018, nước Mỹ tiêu thụ khoảng gần 200 triệu bông hoa hồng và phần lớn trong số chúng được trồng tại Bogota- Colombia. Nếu Hà Lan được coi là ông trùm của ngành hoa thế giới thì Colombia lại được xưng tụng là ông hoàng ngành hoa Châu Mỹ Latinh. Tính đến nay, Colombia chỉ đứng sau Hà Lan về số hoa xuất khẩu và hàng năm bán được khoảng 1 tỷ USD tiền hoa cho thế giới. Khoảng 70% thị phần hoa tại Mỹ là của Colombia.

Nếu du khách mua bất kỳ lẵng hoa nào tại Mỹ, nó rất có thể xuất xứ từ Bogota. Khu vực này là tâm điểm của ngành hoa Colombia với khoảng 1,1 triệu bông hoa được vận chuyển đến Mỹ mỗi ngày. Vào mùa cao điểm, ngành hoa Colombia thậm chí xuất khẩu hơn 4 tỷ bông hoa sang nền kinh tế số 1 thế giới. Tính bình quân, mỗi người dân Mỹ tiêu thụ hơn chục bông hoa nhập khẩu từ Colombia.

Vậy đâu là nguyên nhân khiến quốc gia Châu Mỹ Latinh này càn quét thị trường Mỹ được đến như vậy?

Sự thật thú vị về quốc gia không kỷ niệm, chỉ tập trung bán hoa phục vụ Valentine khắp thế giới, thu về hàng trăm triệu USD trong vài ngày - Ảnh 1.

Số hoa hồng Mỹ nhập từ Colombia trong các dịp Valentine tăng đột biến những năm gần đây (triệu bông)

Phát triển nhờ chống…ma túy

Trên thực tế, việc Colombia sản xuất ma túy và vận chuyển quá nhiều sang Mỹ, kèm theo đó là hoạt động của các băng đảng, tập đoàn tội phạm đã khiến chính quyền Washington đi đến một giải pháp, đó là giảm thuế nhập khẩu hoa nhằm kích thích nông nghiệp, hạn chế việc trồng cần sa.

Vào năm 1991, Mỹ hủy bỏ thuế nhập khẩu 6% với hoa tươi từ các nước Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia và Peru.

Quyết định này kèm các thỏa thuận tự do thương mại cùng nhu cầu tiêu thụ hoa giá rẻ đã khiến ngành hoa Colombia bùng nổ, nhưng chúng cũng gián tiếp hủy hoại ngành hoa trong nước. Vào năm 1971, Mỹ sản xuất 1,2 tỷ bông hoa các loại và chỉ nhập khẩu 100 triệu bông hoa thì đến năm 2003, Mỹ nhập khẩu tới 2 tỷ bông hoa và chỉ trồng 200 triệu bông. Đến ngày này, chỉ sau 27 năm kể từ quyết định miễn thuế nhập khẩu hoa, sản lượng hoa tại Mỹ đã giảm 95% từ 545 triệu bông năm 1991 xuống dưới 30 triệu bông.

Đây là điều Tổng thống Mỹ Donald Trump không hề muốn nhưng việc thay đổi chúng là không hề dễ dàng khi Colombia có chi phí sản xuất hoa thuộc hàng rẻ nhất thế giới. Bất chấp tệ nạn tham nhũng và vấn đề băng đảng xã hội, Colombia đã xây dựng được một chuỗi cung cấp hoa hoàn thiện hiệu quả với giá rẻ. Thậm chí, hoa tại Colombia có thể vận chuyển đến tay cửa hàng bán lẻ tại Mỹ nhanh hơn cả các hãng nội địa và với giá thành rẻ hơn rất nhiều.

Chính điều này đã khiến các hàng bán lẻ như Walmart nhập khẩu lượng lớn hoa từ Colombia để tiêu thụ bất chấp những thiệt hại chúng gây ra cho ngành hoa nội địa.

Ngày Valentine ngọt ngào

Colombia là quốc gia không kỷ niệm hay quan tâm đến ngày lễ tình nhân Valentine, nhưng đây lại là một trong những ngày lễ chiếm tới 20% doanh thu hàng năm của ngành hoa nước này. Hàng ngày, các chuyến máy bay vận chuyển hơn 1 triệu bông hoa được vận từ Colombia tới Miami, sau đó được khoảng 200 xe tải vận đến các nhà kho ở South Florida. Tại đây, chúng sẽ được đóng gói, trang trí rồi chuyển đi khắp cả nước.

Sự thật thú vị về quốc gia không kỷ niệm, chỉ tập trung bán hoa phục vụ Valentine khắp thế giới, thu về hàng trăm triệu USD trong vài ngày - Ảnh 2.

Quy trình cung cấp của những bông hoa này cũng vô cùng chuyên nghiệp khi những hộp đựng hoa được phân theo màu tùy nước nhập khẩu. Ví dụ màu xanh da trời là để xuất khẩu đến Canada, trắng là cho Nhật Bản còn xanh lá và vàng là đến Nga.

Ngay sau khi đã được đóng hộp, những bông hoa này sẽ được bảo quản với nhiệt độ có thể thấp đến dưới 40 độ C cho đến khi được chuyển đến nơi cần đến. Bình quân chuỗi cung ứng này chỉ mất 48 tiếng để đưa hoa từ các cánh đồng Colombia đến nhà kho ở Mỹ và khoảng 1-2 ngày để đến tay các nhà bán lẻ, một năng suất vượt trội so với các công ty nội địa Mỹ.

Người Mỹ có văn hóa gửi rất nhiều hoa cho phái đẹp các dịp lễ. Thậm chí ngay cả ngày thường, việc tặng hoa với số lượng lớn cũng là điều bình thường với cả nam và nữ giới. Việc tặng hoa trở thành biểu tượng của sự lãng mạn cũng như giàu có đã khiến ngành hoa Colombia bùng nổ nhanh chóng. Tính riêng chuỗi Walmart trong kỳ Valentine vừa qua đã nhập khẩu 24 triệu bông hồng từ Colombia để đáp ứng nhu cầu.

Ngày nay, người Mỹ hiếm khi chọn các hàng hoa mà hay mua ở các cửa hàng bán lẻ, chuỗi siêu thị, nơi giá hoa rẻ hơn. Những chuỗi cửa hàng này thường nhập khẩu hoa từ Colombia với số lượng lớn và giá rẻ, qua đó kiếm lời lớn khi bán lại cho người tiêu dùng Mỹ.

Bình quân, mỗi bông hoa hồng nhập từ Colombia hiện bán được khoảng 1,5 USD tại Mỹ trong khi tổng chi phí chỉ vài chục cent, tạo nên mức lợi nhuận vài trăm % cho các nhà sản xuất hoa khi bán hàng trăm triệu bông.

Sự thật thú vị về quốc gia không kỷ niệm, chỉ tập trung bán hoa phục vụ Valentine khắp thế giới, thu về hàng trăm triệu USD trong vài ngày - Ảnh 3.

Doanh thu (triệu USD) và số lượng hoa hồng nội địa bán tại Mỹ (triệu bông) giảm mạnh

Mỹ từ bỏ trận địa?

Hiện Colombia có khoảng 130.000 lao động trong ngành hoa và xuất tới hơn 6 tỷ bông hoa đến 90 quốc gia trên toàn thế giới. Phần lớn những bông hoa này được các nhà bán buôn đặt hàng trước vài tháng.

Bên cạnh một hệ thống cung ứng hiệu quả, Colombia còn hưởng lợi lớn từ chi phí nhân công. Với mức lương tối thiểu 300 USD/tháng, chi phí nhân công ngành hoa ở Colombia thuộc hàng thấp nhất thế giới và chính điều này đã kích thích các nhà tiêu thụ nhập khẩu hoa từ đây. Trong khi đó, việc chi phí thấp nhưng lại thu được lời lớn do doanh thu tính bằng đồng USD đã thúc đẩy ngành công nghiệp hoa Colombia tiếp tục bùng nổ.

Trong 3 tháng đầu tiên của năm 1992, số liệu của Ủy ban thương mại quốc tế Mỹ (USITC) cho thấy giá bán buôn bình quân hoa nhập từ Colombia vào khoảng 24 cent/bông, thấp hơn nhiều so với mức 35 cent/bông của hoa nội địa.

Kể từ đây, ngành hoa Mỹ bị Colombia càn quét và chính quyền Washington đã phải đàm phán để các mặt hàng khác của nước này như ngô, đậu nành, lúa mỳ hay dầu được miễn thuế nhập khẩu vào Colombia.

Trước việc chính phủ từ bỏ trận địa ngành hoa, nhiều công ty hoa Mỹ đã phải từ bỏ cuộc chơi. Năm 1986, khoảng 228 công ty Mỹ sản xuất loại hoa hồng trà được yêu thích trên thị trường với số lượng lớn thì đến năm 2015 chỉ còn 15 hãng tiếp tục hoạt động.

Sự thật thú vị về quốc gia không kỷ niệm, chỉ tập trung bán hoa phục vụ Valentine khắp thế giới, thu về hàng trăm triệu USD trong vài ngày - Ảnh 4.

Ngay sau khi gỡ hàng rào thuế quan năm 1991 , Mỹ nhập khẩu mạnh hoa từ Colombia

Rất nhiều nhà đầu tư đã cố gắng vực dậy ngành hoa Mỹ nhưng không thành. Năm 2002, anh Rên Van Wingerden đã đầu tư 3 triệu USD trồng 150.000 bông hoa hồng tại California nhằm cạnh tranh với hoa nhập Colombia. Tuy nhiên chỉ sau 3 năm hoạt động, anh nhận ra mình đang bán hoa thấp hơn chi phí là 3 cent/bông và buộc phải từ bỏ.

Cái giá phải trả

Thành công của Colombia tất nhiên đi kèm những cái giá phải trả. Để có được chi phí nhân công thấp, rất nhiều lao động trẻ em đã bị buộc tham gia ngành này. Thêm vào đó, việc đánh đập, đe dọa là điều thường xuyên diễn ra tại nhiều nông trại hoa.

Thêm vào đó, việc sử dụng hóa chất, phân bón lượng lớn cũng khiến lao động trong ngành bị ảnh hưởng nghiêm trọng đến sức khỏe. Trong khi đó, môi trường quanh các khu vực trồng hoa cũng bị xói mòn do sử dụng quá nhiều nước và không có khoảng thời gian nghỉ dưỡng cho đất.

Năm 1996, chính phủ Colombia đã phải ban hành chiến dịch chống bóc lột lao động trẻ em cùng nhiều chính sách khác nhưng chúng hầu như không hiệu quả. Giờ đây, nhiều nhà hoạt động xã hội Phương Tây đang chú ý tới ngành hoa ở Colombia và nếu chính phủ nơi đây không có biện pháp đối phó, hình ảnh về ngành hoa đầy lợi nhuận tại đây sẽ bị hoen ố cũng như chịu sự tẩy chay từ người tiêu dùng.

 

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