Từ một startup trở thành tội phạm, con đường khởi nghiệp dẫn tới thành công không bao giờ trải đầy hoa hồng.
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Mới đây, thủ phạm vụ cướp ngân hàng táo tợn từng là một giám đốc công ty chuyển phát khiến không ít người phải giật mình. Theo cơ quan điều tra, nghi phạm là Hoàng Ngọc (42 tuổi, trú tại phường Cửa Nam, quận Hoàn Kiếm, hiện ở phố Huỳnh Thúc Kháng, quận Đống Đa) là chủ mưu của vụ cướp. Ngọc từng làm Tổng Giám đốc công ty chuyển phát nhanh GNN Express, nhưng đã bị giải thể từ năm 2018.
GNN Express tiền thân là Công ty CP Dịch vụ Gió Nam, do Hoàng Ngọc cùng 11 cổ đông khác thành lập cuối năm 2006 với vốn điều lệ 100 triệu đồng. Công ty có chi nhánh tại 5 thành phố lớn, gồm: Hà Nội, TP.HCM, Hải Phòng, Đà Nẵng và Cần Thơ. Đến ngày 31/8/2018, GNN Express tuyên bố dừng hoạt động “do không còn khả năng tài chính”.
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| Từ tổng giám đốc trẻ đến đi cướp ngân hàng |
Một vụ phá sản đình đám trong giới startup là WeFit. WeFit cùng với Founder Khôi Nguyễn nổi lên như một hiện tượng. WeFit xuất hiện chính là giải pháp để xử lý nhu cầu trên của khách hàng, mang mô hình kinh tế chia sẻ của Uber đang khá phát triển ở Việt Nam.
Mô hình cốt lõi của WeFit là phát triển một ứng dụng chia sẻ phòng tập các môn thể thao, thể hình, chăm sóc sắc đẹp. Người dùng sẽ mua gói thành viên kỳ hạn một tháng đến 2 năm để được dùng dịch vụ của tất cả các phòng tập, cơ sở trong danh sách đối tác của WeFit. Tới năm 2019, WeFit đổi tên thành WeWow.
WeFit từng nhận được khoản đầu tư 155.000 USD trong vòng gọi vốn được dẫn dắt bởi quỹ đầu tư mạo hiểm ESP Capital. Đầu năm 2019, WeFit công bố gọi vốn thành công 1 triệu USD từ CyberAgent Capital. Tháng 7/2019, vốn đăng ký của Onaclover tăng từ 1,66 tỷ đồng tăng lên 27,7 tỷ đồng. Trong đó, hơn 26 tỷ đồng là vốn đầu tư nước ngoài từ WeLife Holding PTE.LTD của Singapore, chiếm 94% cổ phần.
Tương tự, startup hàng hiệu giá rẻ leflair đã đóng cửa trang thương mại điện tử tại Việt Nam. Là dự án triển khai theo mô hình flash-sales đã khá thành công tại châu Âu và Trung Quốc, Leflair thường mang đến cho khách hàng các ưu đãi giảm giá lên tới 70% trong một khoảng thời gian có hạn.
Theo số liệu mà Leflair công bố, công ty có hơn 120.000 khách hàng, doanh thu thuần mỗi năm đạt hơn 8 con số USD (hàng chục triệu USD), duy trì giá trị đơn hàng trung bình cao nhất thị trường thương mại điện tử.
Năm 2018, Leflair gây chú ý khi nhận được khoản đầu tư lên tới 3 triệu USD từ Capital Management Group, gấp 3 lần khoản đầu tư pre-series A mà công ty công bố vào tháng 12/2016.
Trả giá vì nông nổi
Tham vọng lớn nhưng thiếu kinh nghiệm quản lý và vận hành, các startup đã nhanh chóng đi vào ngõ cụt. Theo nghiên cứu, nguyên nhân thất bại thường do quá tập trung vào việc bán sản phẩm, quảng cáo sản phẩm,… mà quên rằng sau khi đã có sản phẩm vẫn cần phải nghiên cứu để đổi mới, phù hợp với nhu cầu của khách hàng.
Trong đơn tự thú gửi cơ quan chức năng, Hoàng Ngọc cho biết, năm 2010, vì kinh nghiệm non nớt, phải đi vay với lãi suất 15% mỗi tháng để duy trì công ty, trong đó có những tháng phải trả 170 triệu đồng cả gốc lẫn lãi.
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| Tham vọng triệu đô, WeFit tuyên bố phá sản |
Năm 2017, sau khi dừng hợp tác với một đối tác lớn, GNN bắt đầu mất cân đối thu chi, dẫn đến việc phải sống bằng tiền thu hộ từ dịch vụ COD của khách. Ngoài việc lạm dụng 5,5 tỷ đồng tiền COD, công ty này còn nợ ngân hàng khoản vay mua 6 ô tô, vay tín chấp 1,7 tỷ đồng, nợ người thân, bạn bè 3,5 tỷ đồng, nợ đối tác gửi hàng hàng không 1 tỷ đồng, nợ lương của người lao động 700 triệu đồng và nợ bảo hiểm xã hội 200 triệu đồng.
Còn Wefit, để lấy lòng người dùng, họ cũng chơi rất bạo. Năm 2018, có thời điểm ứng dụng thu chỉ 2,6 triệu cho một gói tập không giới hạn trong 3 tháng tại TP.HCM. Mỗi tháng, khách hàng còn được tặng 3-4 buổi spa miễn phí. Người đăng ký trong thời gian ưu đãi còn được tặng túi thể thao đựng đồ tập. Các chương trình ưu đãi tương tự được ứng dụng thường xuyên chạy liên tục trong năm.
Từ giữa 2019, WeFit bắt đầu lún sâu vào khó khăn. Trước đó, công ty đã cắt ưu đãi tặng các buổi spa miễn phí hàng tháng. Khách hàng đăng ký gói mới muốn dùng dịch vụ spa phải mua riêng. Nhiều nhà cung cấp bắt đầu tố WeFit chậm thanh toán tiền.
Startup về Fitness và Beauty này vướng các scandal nợ tiền đối tác phòng tập, spa và hàng loạt khách hàng tố lừa đảo, đòi hoàn tiền từ cuối tháng 12/2019. Đầu tháng 2/2020, Khôi Nguyễn rút khỏi ghế CEO, Phó Tổng Giám đốc Nguyễn Hải Đăng lên thay.
Trong thư gửi các đối tác cung cấp, lãnh đạo Lefair cho biết đã quyết định “tạm dừng hoạt động kinh doanh Lefair tại thị trường Việt Nam”. Lý do cho quyết định nói trên là vì Lefair vừa chịu “áp lực nguồn vốn” vừa chịu “áp lực mục tiêu tạo lợi nhuận” ngày càng lớn, trong bối cảnh xây dựng đầu tư vào thương mại điện tử đòi hỏi nguồn vốn lớn.
Thời điểm ngừng hoạt động, công ty chưa thanh toán công nợ cho khoảng 500 nhà cung cấp, tổng số tiền nợ khoảng 30 tỷ đồng nhưng chỉ nợ tiền hàng tháng cuối cùng trước khi dừng cung cấp. Và số nợ đối với nhà cung cấp từ dưới 200 triệu đồng là chủ yếu.
Việc tuyên bố phá sản là cái kết buồn cho một doanh nghiệp khởi nghiệp, nhưng qua đó, các startup cũng rút ra được nhiều bài học.
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